Sunday, January 26, 2020

Electronic Business Vs Traditional Business Information Technology Essay

Electronic Business Vs Traditional Business Information Technology Essay 1. Introduction to e-Commerce Electronic commerce, commonly known as (e-shopping) e-commerce or ecommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems(Wikipedia). Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transactions lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well. 2. Definition of E Commerce A while back, e commerce referred to any type of business conducted over the Internet. The meaning of the phrase has changed though, and now it means selling an actual product (hard goods) online. This is different from selling a service, such as article writing. (Masteringwebsitemarketing.com) 3. Some Examples of E Commerce This list will show you some products and services-all considered to be a part of e commerce. Online Goods and Services EBooks (Sample example below): CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD eBOOK Software Retail services Ordering flowers, food or clothes Marketplace Services Auctions Online wallet (An online wallet is a program or web service that allows users to store and control their online shopping information, like logins, passwords, shipping address and credit card details, in one central place. Wikipedia) Advertising 4. More on Definition of E Commerce and Introduction to E Commerce- Its History Ecommerce began in 1994 when a man named Jeff Bezos started Amazon.com, selling things out of his garage. Ever since, more and more businesses have attained a reputation online-companies like eBay and Target. Across the world there are around 8 million people who shop online. A study has shown that by 2011, profits from online retail sales will pass a quarter of a trillion dollars! So, you can see how important e commerce is to the lives of many people. 5. E Commerce characteristics The understanding of the e commerce paradigm varies among academics and practitioners. According to ALTER (2002) e-commerce is the practice of performing and coordinating critical business processes such as designing products, obtaining supplies manufacturing selling and fulfilling orders and providing services through the extensive use of computer and communication technologies and computerized data, DRUCKER (2002) however talks about ecommerce as the explosive emergence of the internet as a major world wide distribution channel for jobs and services, which in the end results in changes in markets and industry structure as well as economics in general. An extensive study shows that ecommerce do not have a common accepted definition which is a sign of research area that is still emerging and maturing and one that involves different research domains as marketing, computer science or strategic management (WILKINS 2000). Summarizing the definitions of ecommerce and in accordance with the organization of economic cooperation and development, 5 major characteristics can be concluded, (OECD1999): Use of information and communication systems to standardize, automate and integrate transactions. Transformation of marketplaces and creation of new industries Increased connection and interactivity of and between the business partners over electronic networks. Alteration of the relative importance of time and resources Catalytic effects of inter and intra organizational transaction 6. Benefits Starting an e commerce store has benefits to you, the merchant, and to your customers. Some of the biggest benefits are cheaper products and setting up and maintaining your online store-all done more easily than you can with a brick-and-mortar store. To conclude the introduction to and definition of e commerce, lets look at its benefits. 24 Hours a Day, 7 Days a Week With an e commerce website, you can serve your customers 24/7! They can order any time of day or night. Want to sleep in? Go on a vacation? No problem! Your customers can keep shopping and ordering, even when youre not there. (Powertips.com.au) Opportunities to Create Relationships E commerce opens the door to new opportunities for relationships with your customers, both new and old. When your business is online, it is accessible to customers the world over; so there are many new opportunities for new relationships. You would not have most of these customers if your business wasnt online. Increase in Sales Starting an e commerce site is a great way to increase the sales for your brick-and-mortar store. Many store owners dont think of how much their business could increase if they attain an online presence. It just doesnt occur to them! However, it is a great way to increase sales at your offline store. Brand Awareness The ability to reach millions of potential customers all over the world will increase knowledge of your product line. You can get people talking about your products, which is free, word-of-mouth advertising! Expands Your Customer Base As we mentioned briefly, having an e commerce business means that you can get customers from all over the world. There are almost no limits as to who you can sell to, and where. Offline stores are limited to getting customers locally. But e commerce removes these restrictions! At the very least, target Canada, the UK and Australia as well as the USA. Builds Customer Loyalty With an e commerce store, its simple to show off your goods to customers in a unique way. If your store is easy to access and shop with, you will have loyal, lifetime customers. Promotion is Easy! Its easy to deliver information to your customers over the Internet! Make your promotions, data, and information easily accessible. Of course, youll want to put a lot of this information in a newsletter that you send to your customers on a regular basis. Decreases Your Expenses Going online can decrease your costs, too. If your business is online, you wont need much staff (if any!) Plus, theres no real location necessary, so you wont have to pay for rent or maintenance. Increases Your Earnings If you have a Business already, opening an e commerce site can be a big pick-me-up for your business. Its important to increase your profits, and going the e commerce route can be a big help. More sales = More profits = Bigger budget for your business. Smaller Target Group While your customer base can extend well beyond your local area using e commerce, its also easy to tighten your niche. Online, you have more control over who your business targets. You can target young couples, singles, teens, seniors, men, women, or a specific ethnic group. This type of targeting is done by using keywords that are popular to the demographic you are trying to reach. The meaning of Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) has changed over the past 30 years as today it is considered to be the buying and selling of products or services over an electronic system i.e. the internet. Â   Since the spread of this, the amount of trade conducted electronically has grown tremendously. Now the World Wide Web (WWW) is being used by modern e-commerce, which is generally considered to be the sales aspect of electronic business and consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment of business transactions. Â   7. Comparing electronic business to traditional business Now days, technology has made human life easier and better. It has developed many fields to perform their task easier such as, manufacturing, constructions and many more. Business sector has also changed a lot with the improvement of technology from traditional business it evolves to e-business and bringing a big difference in three major areas that is time, trust and as we all know that time is precious for many people, the same thing is applied in by the entrepreneurs in their businesses. The advantage of e-business is convenient because people do not need to go out and talk to customer or find for customers instead they can sit in the house and do their work through internet. Besides, e-business makes our life easier because any business transaction can be done through the internet and also safe our time from travelling up and down. Some example of e-business is e-shops; e-commerce and e-auctions, with this new technology on e-business people are able to make their life even bette r. Where as, on the other hand traditional business is totally opposite then e-business because it is not so convenient because we need to go out and find customer, the advantage of this traditional business is that they provide good service and gain customers trust but amount of energy wasted is not really worth it sometimes. Further more, traditional business waste energy because need to travel a lot and quit a lot of paper work need to be done for one transaction and sometimes time and also waste time because lets say if the supplier want to buy a product from the manufacturer the supplier need to send letter to get the quotations and he must survey around which manufacturer offer the cheapest and etc. by doing this way the supplier is actually wasting a lot of time. (E-business amazon vs. borders) One simple thing that certainly differs e-business from traditional business is the technology that underpins the business itself. E-business is built electronically on a network; therefore, without a network its completely impossible for an e-business to survive. The use of technology will bring a huge impact on the way of a business communicates with its customers. This business communication models are categorized by Schneider into three different types [1] Personal contact (one to one) In this type of communication model, the organization assigns its employees to identify and reach the prospective customers [1]. The simplest example for this approach is the sales person who calls the potential customer and introduces the products offered by his company. This approach has been widely implemented by traditional business. Mass media (one to many) The mass media approach allows the organization to broadcast advertising and promotional materials on its products [1]. Examples for this approach are advertisement on television, radio, newspaper or magazine. This approach has also been widely adopted by traditional business. The web (many to one or many to many) The internet is neither a mass media nor a personal contact device [1]. It stands on the middle of the fine line where mass media is allocated at the first side and personal contact at the other side. The web provides more interactivity than mass media does to its audience but less than personal contact could offer. For example, an internet user can type in his keywords on a search engine tool (e.g. Google) and click on the products that catch his attention. The web is the approach that is adopted by e-business. So, what impacts that the web can bring to-business as its business communication model? The communication model adopted by e-business will surely raise new barriers that need to be brought to attention. The low level of trust Unlike traditional business who can gain trust from its prospective customers through a straight, personal contact, the web eliminates the customers privileges to experience such personal contact with both the products and organization they want to buy the products from. In traditional business, customers come to a store and have personal interaction with the organization through its sales person and then, possibly, have personal contact with the product. These types of experience somehow develop trust towards the organization and are very important for certain types of product. The need of good electronic marketing strategies It is undeniably that internet provides the facilities for business to broadcast their advertisement. However, it doesnt have such power to force its audience to view or click on the ads [2]. An audience has the opportunity to create a list of product by using search engine tool (e.g. Google) and click on the product that catches his attention. Therefore, some traditional marketing strategies are not applicable in e-business. New marketing strategies such as how to increase the rank of a company on search engines are more likely to gain attention in running an e-business. E-Business is changing the relationship between merchant and customer, whether it is business to business or business to consumer Business, or the government isomers of these. Relationship building is paramount. Savvy Internet users know that if they cannot get good service, which also means an easily navigable web site, they can move on and quickly. The Internet is providing customers with growing power and purchasing control. Shopping agents will find the lowest price; scams or poor service will quickly be identified and passed on. In addition there is still a strong ethic of free stuff on the web. Consumers in particular are looking for free information and services. Providing these aspects is a crucial part of relationship building which will form the basis of electronic Business into the future. With the potential speed and efficiency of electronic communications and transactions, the nature of inventory is changing. A virtual shop on the web may carry no stock at all, relying on suppliers to fulfil orders; a small, on-site inventory can be replenished with just-in-time manufacturing E-business improves the benefit and efficiency of traditional business, comparing with traditional business, E-business has the following advantages: E-business improves the benefit and efficiency of traditional business, especially international trade. Compared to traditional models, 8. E-business has six main advantages compared to that of traditional business: (1) Reduces business cost. Firstly, e-business can improve the marketing efficiency and decrease promotional costs by network marketing enterprises. According to statistics, advertising on the internet can increase sales volume by 10 times, while the cost is only 10% of traditional advertisements; Secondly, E-business can reduce stock cost, because it can find more suppliers with the most favourable prices in the global market by internet enterprises, and sharing information with suppliers can also reduce problems caused by long communication chains. Some studies indicate that using EDI usually can save stock cost for enterprises by 5%-10%. (2) Decreases stock, Decreases Waste. Enterprises should maintain a certain stock of products and materials to deal with fluctuant market requirements. The essential reason for stocking up is lack of information, a lack of information E-business based suppliers and manufacturers dont have. They can send information of market requirements to enterprises to make decision and produce by internet, and enterprises requirement information can be transferred to suppliers to supply on time, leading to zero-inventory management. (3) Shorter production cycles. To create a saleable product is often the cooperation of many enterprises. The products design, produce and sales may be managed by many different related enterprises. Using E-business can change the stage-cooperation method caused by lack of information into coordinated work methods, improving business to business (B2B) relations. (4) Increases business opportunities. Traditional trade is limited by time and space, but E-business is a global 24 hour operation. Business on the internet can expand in the market that the traditional marketing and advertisement promotion can not reach. (5) Reduces material dependence. Traditional enterprises must have a certain number of materials to develop business, but the E-business in internet can built virtual enterprise, such as shop and bank on network, they dont need many practical basic instruments, and the enterprises can transfer the saved cost to customers, this is the reason that Amazon, a book shop on network can supply customers discount that the traditional book shops can not supply. (6) Cuts out the middle man. E-business redefines the traditional currency mode and reduces middle links in B2B relations and international trade. E-commerce allows the possibility of direct transaction between manufacturers and buyers, across borders, thereby changing the economy of the entire world. 9. Conclusion Today, ecommerce is the latest mantra in increasing your sales. This is because instead of selling your goods and services through a local store, you can sell online and gain a greater customer base. Apart from providing shipping services, you will need an online ecommerce merchant account to accept credit card payments to make your venture a success. These days, even a restaurant is running under ecommerce system. Ecommerce solution provider performs many jobs for the Restaurant, such as, they put online restaurant menu, online restaurant ordering systems and bed and breakfast booking system. There are many ways to get your products and services online, from a simple brochure site to a high-end database driven site. In this way, we see that ecommerce has changed the people to do the business in a different way. Every thing in this world has been being globalize and of course business is no exception. Global ecommerce business has been new trends in ecommerce business and plays a pivotal role in global economy. Also the role of ecommerce business solution providers cannot be ignored because you cannot imagine successful and fruitful ecommerce business without their assistance.

Friday, January 17, 2020

Separation of Powers in Botswana

SEPARATION OF POWERS IN BOTSWANA Government The constitution implicitly recognises the separation of powers by dealing with each of the three organs of government in separate and distinct provisions. The executive is dealt with in chapter IV, sections 30-56, the legislature in chapter V, sections 57-94 and the judiciary in chapter VI, sections 95-106. Executive The whole of chapter IV of the constitution deals with the executive. Part I deals with the President and Vice President, part II with the Cabinet and part III with the executive functions. In spite of this, section 47 explicitly vests executive functions on the President.The President is not elected directly by universal suffrage but rather indirectly under section 32 after parliamentary elections from the newly elected members of Parliament. He can only hold office for an aggregate period of 10 years and if the office falls vacant, the Vice President takes over. The President appoints the Vice President and such number of Mi nisters and Assistant Ministers as are determined by Parliament. They must all be members of Parliament at the time of their appointment. If not, then before the expiration of four months after their appointment they must become members of Parliament or vacate the position.This therefore means that there is no strict separation of powers in Botswana. Executive power vests in the President and section 49 states that the Vice President acts as his â€Å"principal assistant† and works under his directions. He is responsible for such business of government (including the administration of any department of Government), that the President may assign to him. The usual pattern has been to assign a specific department to the Vice President. On the other hand, cabinet Ministers and Assistant Ministers are responsible for advising the President with respect to policy and such other matters that he may refer to them.Nevertheless, section 50 makes it clear that the cabinet shall be respo nsible to Parliament for all things done by or under the authority of the President and Vice President in the execution of their duties. This generally means that the cabinet as a whole, including the President are collectively responsible to Parliament. Ministers are also individually responsible to Parliament and the public at large for the running of their ministries. Legislature Parliament, according to section 57, consists of the President and the National Assembly.The latter is composed of the President, as ex officio member, 57 elected members, and 4 specially elected members. Although Botswana has earned considerable praise for maintaining a full-fledged liberal multi-party democratic system since independence, one party, the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) has won all elections since independence and remains a dominant party in a system marked by a weak and fragmented opposition parties. The Botswana parliament exercises three main functions viz, the making of laws, control ling public finance and scrutinising and controlling Government.Section 86 vests on Parliament the â€Å"power to make laws for the peace, order and good government of Botswana. † Legislation only becomes law under section 87 after it has been assented to by the President. Another important function of Parliament, which is provided for under sections 117 to 124, is to control the use of public finances. As a result of this control, Government must obtain legislative authority before it can engage in certain financial activities such as levying taxes, imposing rates, and charging fees. The final function of scrutinising and controlling Government is carried out in at least three different ways.The first of this is through question time, motions and ministerial statements. The Standing Orders of the National Assembly allow any private member of Parliament to address a question to a Minister relating to a public matter for which he is responsible. An alternative to question time is the motion, which enables a member to move a motion on any topic by giving three day’s notice of his intention to do so. Besides Parliament, there is also the Ntlo ya Dikgosi, which until the constitutional amendments of 2005, was known as the House of Chiefs.According to section 77, it is to be composed of â€Å"not less than 33 nor more than 35 members,† some of whom are persons performing the functions of kgosiin certain specified districts, some appointed by the President and others selected under section 78(4)(c). The Ntlo ya Dikgosi although having some role to play in the law making process is not a second chamber of Parliament in any sense. Its limited role in the law making process is specified in section 85, which enables it to: i) consider the copy of any Bill, which may affect the designation, ecognition, removal of powers of Dikgosi or Dikgosana; affect the organisation, powers or administration of customary laws; affect customary law, or the ascertain ment or recording of customary law; or affect the tribal organisation or tribal property. ii) be consulted by any Minister on any matter on which he desires to obtain their opinion; or iii) discuss any matter within the executive or legislative authority, which it considers it to be desirable to take cognizance in the interests of the tribes, and tribal organisations it represents and make representations to the President or send messages to Parliament on this.The Ntlo ya Dikgosi therefore only plays a consultative and advisory role. The Judiciary In Botswana, the constitution in section 127 implicitly distinguishes between superior courts and inferior or subordinate courts. Section 127 of the constitution in defining â€Å"subordinate court,† states that thisâ€Å"means any court established for Botswana other than the Court of Appeal, the High Court, a court martial, or the Industrial Court. Generally, the jurisdiction of superior courts is neither limited by the value of the subject matter nor geographically and they tend to deal with the more important and difficult cases.By contrast, the jurisdiction of inferior courts is limited both geographically and according to the value of the subject matter of the dispute. Another distinctive feature of inferior courts is that they are amenable to the supervisory jurisdiction of the High court. The most important inferior courts in Botswana are the Magistrates’ court and the customary courts. Another important distinction is that between courts of general, ordinary or normal jurisdiction and courts of special jurisdiction. Courts of general jurisdiction are those, which deal with practically any kind of case, whether civil, or criminal, that may be brought before them.On the other hand, courts of special jurisdiction may deal only with stated and limited kinds of issues. The courts of general jurisdiction are organised in a hierarchy and consists of (i) the Court of Appeal, (ii) the High Court, (iii) the Magistrates’ Courts and (iv) the Customary Courts. This structure reflects the dual system of laws operating in the country in that the first three courts are concerned primarily with administering the common law and statutes enacted by the legislature while the last courts deal essentially with customary law. The courts of special jurisdiction onsist of the land tribunal, the juvenile court, the court martial and the industrial court. Those who adjudicate upon disputes in the superior courts, consists of the Judge President of the Court of Appeal, the Chief Justice of the High Court and such other judges of the High Court and the Court of Appeal as Parliament may prescribe. Their role in the administration of justice is set out in Part VI of the Constitution. These constitutional provisions and other laws regulate matters such as their appointment and dismissal, their tenure, their status and their independence from the other two branches of government

Thursday, January 9, 2020

Construction Project Delivery System Project Essay

A project manager is an individual who really needs a set of skills to achieve a successful construction project. The expertise and learning should be based on technical knowledge, site knowledge, management knowledge, controlling and finally executing. He has some ways to divide his working task, for example introducing sub contract or allotting co-engineers and workers. There are three types of system which Project manager has to deal with and they are Construction project delivery system Owner delivers the project to an architect and contractor, were they have a inter connection for any queries and they both lend to sub-contractor and suppliers if in case they needed. Construction administration delivery system The link between owner and project manager makes the decision about the designers and contractor, they are all inter related to each other. Design build delivery system Owner to design built firm and they have there own sub-contractor. Not only work breakdown structure helps for successful project, the task duration and the construction methodology help to make a easy way to achieve the target. By keeping work breakdown structure diagram we won’t be able to finish the project and we have to implant the duration that each task will take to complete, So we have to go through each task and have to analysis the duration for it’s completion, for example if we take a site cleaning task it will take one day to finish it off meanwhile in theShow MoreRelatedStructured Literature Review : Bridging With Design Building And Traditional Design Bid Build For Effective Decision Making860 Words   |  4 Pages21st century construction industry believe that for effective completion of a construction project, selection of a suitable project delivery system is essential. 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As, it requires historical data about performance of similar projects or the owners can obtain data from research conducted by scholars/organizations. 5.1 Comparison of PDS based on project data from private industryRead MoreThe American Institute Of Architects1307 Words   |  6 Pagesis IPD (Integrated Project Delivery) as it applies to construction? Generally speaking here is how it works: IPD is a process where a team of everyone involved in the project gets together and create a plan then continue to be involved to see it through completion. The team is bound together by contract legally and stands to gain or lose financially as a whole by the outcome of the project. 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Therefore, numerous construction experts recommend users to implement IPD in all construction project types in order to minimize total project duration and costs (Cho Ba llard, 2011; FCMAA, 2008; Darrington Balzarano, 2010;Read MoreCurrent Trends On The Construction Industry973 Words   |  4 PagesTrends in the Construction Industry Beginning a new year of the construction industry with a report of 6% growth (achieved approximately $712 billion) in the financial profit of construction from Dodge Data Analytics 2016 Construction Outlook, many analysts and experts predict that potential values for the construction business will be progressively increased with extensions of modern technologies and state-of-the-art concepts for improving construction performance, especially in project cost and

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

Julius Caesar´s Death Analysis Essay - 552 Words

Should Julius Caesar have been killed? This question has plagued history for years without a real answer. Julius Caesar was corrupt and all powerful, and his death saved Rome. It really is that simple; he declared himself dictator for life and ignored the Senate’s power. A man with that much power can only hurt a nation. Julius Caesar was a blood thirsty man. He fought everyone he could just to extend Rome. (Julius Caesar. ) He savagely killed anyone that got in his way. Many may say that he was a legendary and should be remembered as a great warrior, but should murderers be praised? Genghis Khan was a great warrior, he created the largest empire in history. Is he remembered well? No, because he was brutal and merciless. Caesar was also†¦show more content†¦Caesar’s assassins had no reason to believe he was different. Another, of many reasons that Caesar’s assassination was a necessary tragedy is he ignored the warnings and signs. In the world today most don’t believe signs exist, but in Caesar’s time it was crazy to ignore them. In the Roman Republic it was believed that signs were set by the gods to warn people and no one would ignore the gods. The priests preformed a ceremony and got bad results, which led them to believe that Julius Caesar was in danger. Caesar still refused to miss the Senate that day, even as his friends begged that he postpone the meeting. ( The Assassination of Julius Caesar, 44 BC. ) These days to many people this is all worthless and fake, but whether signs from gods are real or not is not the question. The question is what kind of many ignores not only the traditions of his people, but his own gods? A man who would rather be where he is in power, then heed the warnings of what he believed to be his gods is not a man the Senate believed Rome needed. All this comes down the last point that will be made in this essay, Julius Caesar’s assassins believed that what they were doing was what was best for the Roman Republic and its citizens. Caesar showed all the signs of becoming a corrupt king-like ruler. With the past experiences of Rome the men that killed Caesar just wanted to help the people they sworeShow MoreRelatedThe Power Of Words : Julius Caesar1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe Power of Words (Major Assignment: Julius Caesar Analysis) Initially, the thought of having at least a dynamic character with some sort of clemency to live from their mistakes would be conspicuous in most analogies, but â€Å"Julius Caesar,† written by William Shakespeare, is no exception. This tragedy took place in an era where mythological divinities were once believed; hence, this play settled across the capital of Rome, Italy. 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Antony uses rhetorical questioning to provoke the crowd into a fit of rage over Brutus’ words. Antony disguises his true intents in his speech, putting him at a moral high ground over Brutus. He finally uses ambiguous meaningsRead MoreThe Assassination Of The War And Formation Of Civil Rights1550 Words   |  7 Pageswhen key personalities such as heads of states are the victims. In this essay, we shall discuss some of the major assassinations which occurred in history. These personalities include John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Abraham Lincoln, Julius Caesar and Robert F. Kennedy. John Fitzgerald Kennedy At the time of his assassination on November 22nd 1963, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th sitting President of the United States. During his Presidency, many events did occur including theRead MoreWhere Do We Go from Here Anaysis920 Words   |  4 Pagesit as so volatile and descriptive. In my honest opinion; Martin’s essay, was a very well captured piece on the importance of prospering from humanity’s humility towards the end of war. Otherwise, suffering from the destruction of what war causes: death, and chaos. Throughout the essay, Martin is using the Vietnam War as an example for his message, presenting in a defensive tone; like a prosecutor defending his client for the righteousness of justice. The essay represented an agenda directed towardsRead MoreT.S. Eliots View of the Human Condition in The Hollow Men Essay856 Words   |  4 Pages T. S. Eliot was a man who strongly believed that poetry should represent life. He knew that life was complex, so that is why his poetry was difficult to understand not only for students writing research papers, but also for critics. He was the backbone of modernist poetry, who wrote mostly about darkness, despair, and depression in life. He tried and succeeded to capture the torment of the world during World War 1 and World War II (Shmoop T.S. Eliot). Eliot’s view of the human condition isRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’s