How to Email Professors at Prospective Grad Schools

As an applicant to graduate school you have probably wondered more than once exactly what professors look for when they select students. Wouldn’t it be easier if you could just ask them? Before you go any further, let me warn you that emails can backfire. Many applicants email professors at graduate programs they wish to attend and receive terse replies, or perhaps most commonly, no replies. For example, consider this question from a reader: I am trying to figure out a topic that would be most suitable for me. I have reached out to many professors with little luck. Occasionally, they will share articles, but rarely will I get a response to a question. My questions range from graduate opportunities to specifics about their work.   This reader’s experience is not unusual.   So what gives? Are graduate professors simply rude? Perhaps, but also consider the following contributors to the poor responses from faculty. Figuring out What You Want to Study Is Your Job First and foremost, it seems that this reader needs to do more work before contacting prospective mentors. As an applicant, realize that choosing a field of study is your task and one that you should do before emailing professors at graduate programs. To do so, read widely. Consider the classes youve taken and what subfields interest you. This is the most important part: Talk with faculty at your university.   Approach your professors for help. They should be your first line of advice in this regard. Ask Informed Questions, Not Ones Whose Answers Are Readily Available Before you email a professor for advice,   be sure that you have done your homework. Dont ask questions about information that you can learn from a basic internet or database search. For example, information about a professors research and copies of articles are easily available online. Likewise, dont ask questions about the graduate program unless you have carefully reviewed all of the information on both the departments website and the professor’s website. Professors might view answering such questions a waste of time. Moreover, asking questions about information that is readily available might signal naivetà © or, worse, laziness. This is not to say that you should never contact professors at prospective programs. Before you email a professor make sure that it is for the right reasons. Ask informed questions that show that you are familiar with his or her work and the program and simply seek clarification on a few specific topics.  Ã‚   Three basic guidelines for emailing professors at prospective graduate programs: Do not inundate the professor with questions. Ask only one or two specific questions and you will be much more likely to get a reply than if you ask a series of questions.Be specific.   Don’t ask questions that will require more than a sentence or two in response.   In-depth questions about their research usually fall in this area. Remember that professors may be pressed for time. An email that looks like it will take more than a minute or two to answer may be ignored.Don’t ask questions that are outside of a professor’s purview. General questions about financial aid, how applicants are selected by the program, and housing, for example,   fall into this area. What should you ask prospective graduate mentors?Probably the question that you are most interested in is whether the professor is accepting students. That simple, direct, question is most likely to yield a response. How Do You Ask a Professor Whether He or She Is Taking Students? In a simple email,  explain that you are very interested in the professor’s research on X and, here’s the important part, would like to know whether he or she is accepting students.   Keep the email brief, just a couple of sentences. A short, concise email will likely yield a response, even if it is a â€Å"No, I am not accepting students.† What Next? Thank the professor for his or her response, regardless. If the faculty member is accepting students then work on tailoring your application to his or her lab. Should you start a dialogue? You can’t predict how a professor will respond to multiple emails. Some might welcome them, but it is better playing it safe and avoid emailing the professor again unless you have specific questions about his or her research. Faculty doesnt want to mentor students who require hand-holding, and you want to avoid being perceived as needy. Should you decide to ask a specific question about his or her research, remember that brevity is key in receiving a response.

Experiment To Test Quality Assessment In Complex Task /...

\chapter{Experiment to Test Quality Assessment in Complex Task/Workflow} \section{Overview} \label{sec:introduction} This work focus on test the aggregation model and compare different algorithms, hence the experiments will take existing workflows by applying different algorithms. As stated in Section \ref{sec:model_aggregation}, we will start with three popular algorithms and apply them in different datasets generated by different workflows. Previous research has proposed a range of methods to infer and predict the quality of crowd answers \citep{Bachrach,dawid1979maximum,Difallah2015,HareAWSSDL13,Ipeirotis2010,Karger2011,Loni2014,Paulheim,QuocVietHung2013,Rosenthal2010a,Simpson2013,Whitehill2009}. Whilst all methods have their†¦show more content†¦We firstly evaluate the overall approach on two datasets with different workflows: one from Snapshot Serengeti\textsuperscript{\ref{sg_link}}, which is based on an iterative workflow where each iteration consists of several independent questions; and a second one from the Cities at Night project\footnote{\url{http://citiesatnight.org/}\label{ds_link}}, which uses microtask crowdsourcing to analyse night-time photographs taken by astronauts onboard the ISS via a workflow in which questions and answers are arranged in a decision tree. Then we also replicate the existing workflows from citizen science classification projects and evaluate the quality in a paid crowdsourci ng environment using the proposed aggregation strategy. For the later experiment, We used a more complex workflow from GalaxyZoo project where several different questions were asked in sequence depending on the answers to previous questions and can involve maximum nine classification questions. \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{serengeti_example_annotations_smooth.png} \caption{Example classification paths collected from $20$ workers for a given photo. The crowd is asked to choose the animal type and estimate how many animals are in the picture. Wider arrows indicate paths that are popular with the crowd.} \label{fig:serengeti_example} \end{figure} The experimentsShow MoreRelatedWhat Are the Effects of Adhd in the Classroom?5060 Words   |  21 PagesAEN Module Essay on an area of educational need: ADHD. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common and most distressing disorders amongst school-age children, yet it is probably one of the least well understood. 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16th century Renaissance Free Essays

Century Renaissance Art The 16th Century renaissance started in the sass’s and ended in the sass’s. The art of the 16th Century Renaissance was both spiritual and worldly. The 16th Century Renaissance is when two very important art movements took place, High Renaissance and Mannerism. We will write a custom essay sample on 16th century Renaissance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everyone was starting to take an interest in the classical learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome. (The History Channel Website) They were many artist geniuses who emerged out of this art era. There were also many, grand art pieces that emerged out of this art era. At the beginning of the 16th century the High Renaissance had started. This was also the time when Rome replaced Florence as an art epicenter. The High Renaissance is also when artist become aware of lines and depth in their artwork. This led to the discovery and the use of the one point perspective. The High Renaissance artists became famous for putting windows of what is behind the horizon in the background of their artworks. The High Renaissance represented artists who wanted to do art their own way. The high Renaissance started in 1480 and continued on to about 1527. The high Renaissance as in Milan, Florence, Rome, and in northern and central Italy. (Shelley Essay) This was the time to be an artist because everyone who was wealthy wanted art. Their many artist of this time frame, but the most famous artists are Michelangelo Bonaparte, Raphael Sansei and Leonardo ad Vinci. (Art Cyclopedia) After the High Renaissance ended the Mannerism movement came about. It came about in the sass’s and ended around the sass’s. Mannerism was known for its formulaic, theatrical and overly stylized work. Mannerism art pieces are usually pieces of human forms in unrealistic settings. Mannerism is also known for its much limitation. This is also the time that women start being used as muses for artists. (Art Cyclopedia) It developed in Florence and Rome and then spread to northern and central Europe. Paintings contained artificial color and unrealistic spatial proportions. Figures were often elongated and exaggerated, the poses were creative and complex poses. Works of the movement are often unsettling and strange because of the Reformation, the plague, and the sack of Rome. The History Channel Website) There were a lot of important artist who emerged from this period, but the most famous artist would be Leonardo Ad Vinci. Leonardo De Vinci was born in 1452, in Florence and died in 1519 in France. He was an artist and inventor. He is known as the â€Å"Renaissance Man† because he was an inventor, scientist, sculptor, and a great artist. Ad Vinci had many famous works. One of his most famous works is the â€Å"Last Supper† (1495-98). The last supper is a painting of the last meal Jesus shared with his apostles. It also shows Jesus isolated, four groups of threes and Judas in the shadows clutching money. The History Channel Website) Another famous piece by Ad Vinci as the â€Å"Mona Lisa†(1 503-05), which is a painting of a woman. This painting would be an example of Mannerism art. Ad Vinci was also famous for the â€Å"The Virgin of the Rocks† (1485). Some other great artists were Michelangelo Bonaparte (1475-1564), and Raphael Sansei(1483-1 520). Michelangelo was famous for painting the Sistine Chapel ((1508-12) and sculpting the â€Å"David in his native Florence† (1501-04). Raphael Sansei was famous for the â€Å"The School of Athens† (1508-11). The â€Å"School of Athens† shows philosophers such as Pluto coming together. Another great artist of 16th Century was Titan â€Å"Meeting of Bacchus and Ordained† (1 522), he was famous for using rich luminous colors. (The History Channel Website) One of the most important art pieces of the 16th Century Renaissance was the â€Å"Sistine Chapel† (1508-04) architecture. The Sistine Chapel took a period of four years to paint. It was painted by Michelangelo Bonaparte. The Sistine Chapel is a painting of a few scenes of Genesis, from the bible. One of the scenes was the Creation of Adam. (The History Channel Website) Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for the Pope Sixths ‘V. Also, along with ceilings of the Sistine Chapel, the side walls are festooned with frescoes of Moses and Christ and portraits of popes. (The New World Encyclopedia) Another important art piece or architecture of the 16th Century Renaissance was the SST. Peter Cathedral in Rome. The old SST. Peter Cathedral was constructed in honor of the apostle SST. Peter, the first bishop and first Pope. The original was constructed by Constantine. The SST. Peter Cathedral in Rome was to be renovated, ordered by Pope Julius II. During its renovation it was directed more towards a Latin style but, then How to cite 16th century Renaissance, Papers

16th century Renaissance Free Essays

Century Renaissance Art The 16th Century renaissance started in the sass’s and ended in the sass’s. The art of the 16th Century Renaissance was both spiritual and worldly. The 16th Century Renaissance is when two very important art movements took place, High Renaissance and Mannerism. We will write a custom essay sample on 16th century Renaissance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everyone was starting to take an interest in the classical learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome. (The History Channel Website) They were many artist geniuses who emerged out of this art era. There were also many, grand art pieces that emerged out of this art era. At the beginning of the 16th century the High Renaissance had started. This was also the time when Rome replaced Florence as an art epicenter. The High Renaissance is also when artist become aware of lines and depth in their artwork. This led to the discovery and the use of the one point perspective. The High Renaissance artists became famous for putting windows of what is behind the horizon in the background of their artworks. The High Renaissance represented artists who wanted to do art their own way. The high Renaissance started in 1480 and continued on to about 1527. The high Renaissance as in Milan, Florence, Rome, and in northern and central Italy. (Shelley Essay) This was the time to be an artist because everyone who was wealthy wanted art. Their many artist of this time frame, but the most famous artists are Michelangelo Bonaparte, Raphael Sansei and Leonardo ad Vinci. (Art Cyclopedia) After the High Renaissance ended the Mannerism movement came about. It came about in the sass’s and ended around the sass’s. Mannerism was known for its formulaic, theatrical and overly stylized work. Mannerism art pieces are usually pieces of human forms in unrealistic settings. Mannerism is also known for its much limitation. This is also the time that women start being used as muses for artists. (Art Cyclopedia) It developed in Florence and Rome and then spread to northern and central Europe. Paintings contained artificial color and unrealistic spatial proportions. Figures were often elongated and exaggerated, the poses were creative and complex poses. Works of the movement are often unsettling and strange because of the Reformation, the plague, and the sack of Rome. The History Channel Website) There were a lot of important artist who emerged from this period, but the most famous artist would be Leonardo Ad Vinci. Leonardo De Vinci was born in 1452, in Florence and died in 1519 in France. He was an artist and inventor. He is known as the â€Å"Renaissance Man† because he was an inventor, scientist, sculptor, and a great artist. Ad Vinci had many famous works. One of his most famous works is the â€Å"Last Supper† (1495-98). The last supper is a painting of the last meal Jesus shared with his apostles. It also shows Jesus isolated, four groups of threes and Judas in the shadows clutching money. The History Channel Website) Another famous piece by Ad Vinci as the â€Å"Mona Lisa†(1 503-05), which is a painting of a woman. This painting would be an example of Mannerism art. Ad Vinci was also famous for the â€Å"The Virgin of the Rocks† (1485). Some other great artists were Michelangelo Bonaparte (1475-1564), and Raphael Sansei(1483-1 520). Michelangelo was famous for painting the Sistine Chapel ((1508-12) and sculpting the â€Å"David in his native Florence† (1501-04). Raphael Sansei was famous for the â€Å"The School of Athens† (1508-11). The â€Å"School of Athens† shows philosophers such as Pluto coming together. Another great artist of 16th Century was Titan â€Å"Meeting of Bacchus and Ordained† (1 522), he was famous for using rich luminous colors. (The History Channel Website) One of the most important art pieces of the 16th Century Renaissance was the â€Å"Sistine Chapel† (1508-04) architecture. The Sistine Chapel took a period of four years to paint. It was painted by Michelangelo Bonaparte. The Sistine Chapel is a painting of a few scenes of Genesis, from the bible. One of the scenes was the Creation of Adam. (The History Channel Website) Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for the Pope Sixths ‘V. Also, along with ceilings of the Sistine Chapel, the side walls are festooned with frescoes of Moses and Christ and portraits of popes. (The New World Encyclopedia) Another important art piece or architecture of the 16th Century Renaissance was the SST. Peter Cathedral in Rome. The old SST. Peter Cathedral was constructed in honor of the apostle SST. Peter, the first bishop and first Pope. The original was constructed by Constantine. The SST. Peter Cathedral in Rome was to be renovated, ordered by Pope Julius II. During its renovation it was directed more towards a Latin style but, then How to cite 16th century Renaissance, Papers

The Floating Threat Somali Filibusters and the World Safety

Somali has recently become the world’s most well-known country of the so-called third world, due to the threat which it temporarily poses to the entire world.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Floating Threat: Somali Filibusters and the World Safety specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of the country’s extreme poverty rates, the local dwellers are often engaged into piracy, which puts the life of millions of people who cross the Somali water areas. Since the reasons which make the Somalia people break the law can justify their actions to some extent, the events connected with the actions of the Somali pirates make one think of whose fault is that numerous victims have suffered. The Curse of the Somali: What Makes a Pirate Beginning with the terrible poverty statistics and the hopeless state of affairs, the Somali population finally found the way to earn for a living. Choosing piracy a s the means to make money, the Somalians now feel quite certain in the water area of their homeland, robbing the ships which pass by them. According to the recent news, the situation does not seem to change for the better; on the contrary, the pirates are seemingly enjoying the new way of solving their own economical problems[1]. It was clear from the very beginning that the Somali pirates have chosen their path to live the life of the rich. Because of the desperate state of affairs in their own country, they resorted to the easiest way of making money, that is, robbing. As it has turned out, the problem did not vanish as the time passed. On the contrary, it was grasping even wider space, making people from the other countries fear the Somalia water areas. As Gettleman (2010) noticed, by 2010 the oirates had already established their personal â€Å"business† and were tracing the ocean seaway for the probable â€Å"crop† to pluck: NAIROBI, Kenya — The monsoon sea son has ended. The Indian Ocean is calm again. For Somalia’s pirates, that means one thing: it is a busy time of year.[2] As it could have been predicted, the pirates not only did not abandon the profitable business, but also expanded it to the range of a large-scale enterprise. Although this could seem shocking to the European people, the Somalia pirates considered this the only way to earn for a living.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Holding hostages and taking ransoms for the people which the pirates have captured appeared to be much easier than sharing the economical collapse with the rest of the countries with the same economical situation. According to Gettleman, these are the incredible for the Somali people amounts of money which makes them participate in the piracy. In spite of the seeming freedom in robbing and taking â€Å"free money†, it has turned ou t that the Somali pirates have a well-developed infrastructure in their business. Thus, the people ranked higher than the ship crew receive the greatest amount of money, while the rest of the pirates are supposed to enjoy the remaining of the ransom money[3]. Such situation signifies that the Somali pirates have the system of ranking which is approximately close to the European idea of business enterprise; this could be called a mock-capitalistic relationships. It must also be marked that the piracy was progressing rapidly during this period of time. The Somali pirates were taking hostages more often than at the beginning and seemed to know no boundaries for their riots. Tracing the Course of Events: Living the Life of a Pirate As the problem of piracy has been detected in its early stage, there was the idea of conducting an international trial, yet the pirates managed to escape the latter. Since the sentence has been passed in the Malaysian court which was well-known for its corrup tness, the pirates managed to get away lightly, and the problem remained unsolved.[4] Knowing no fear, the Somali pirates are quickly learning the way to make easy money. Touching on the most important strings of people’s souls, the concerns for their own lives, the Somali pirates have â€Å"progressed† greatly, improving their system of tracing the ships and attacking them. Knowing no mercy, they do not fear to face the justice either, for they are already aware of the Malasian justice.[5] According to Rice, it is the Navy â€Å"catch and release† policy which makes the pirates feel absolutely invulnerable. Causing certain disturbances and protests, the Malasian policy is still in motion, making the pirates feel that they could never be caught and punished appropriately. Because of such debatable issue of the Malasian justice, the countries of Oceania cross the line once toed between them and the European countries, which results in numerous political discords. This must be the will to be economically independent in the modern world that makes Oceania act in this way; otherwise, they would have acted in accordance with the European system of justice.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Floating Threat: Somali Filibusters and the World Safety specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it must be admitted that the modern world takes all the necessary measures to combat the Somali pirates. As the most recent news say, 12 Somali pirates have been recently arrested[6] and are supposed to be hung over to justice in the nearest future. According to the evidence from Xinhua, the pirates caught have already gained a big death score, which means that they have to be judged as the murderers; however, taking into account that the case is going to be handed to the Malasian court of justice, it can be suggested that the investigation will lead to nowhere. Giving a lot of fo od for thoughts, this event makes suggest if the on-coming trial will be a lesson taught to the Somali pirates in general. Their piracy being a protest against the hypocrisy of the European people, the Somali robbers will make sure once again that Europe is helpless to do anything to them: The pirates will be charged in a Madagascan court given that they were arrested within Madagascan waters and that some of the hostages were Madagascan nationals. (Xinhua) It seems that despite all the attempts of the piece-makers to calm the pirates down and start a conversation with them, the latter would not give up the easiest way of making money. Once learning the taste of richness, they will never be able to return to the previous lifestyle, accepting the poverty and the miseries which they had to survive. Despite the danger of being caught or killed, they resort to this very way of surviving in the ocean of capitalism, the system which they will never get used to. It is obvious now that the actions of the Somali pirates have become more aggressive tan ever. Taking even families as hostages now, they show no mercy to both adults and children, as cruel as no human can be: Most hostages captured in the waters off East Africa are professional sailors, not families. Pirates are not known to have captured children before.[7]Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It seems that the ferocity of the Somali pirates has reached its peak, together with the unbearable impudence. Having no fear for justice, they commit the crimes which they would have been penalized long before in civilized countries. It is evident now that their isolation from the European world makes them feel absolutely free from any form of justice except their own one. In addition, it must be mentioned that Europe is no authority for them; on the contrary, they are trying to be as independent from Europe as possible. What the Higher Layers of Society Have to Do With This It is quite obvious that the people who have been left with nothing else but earning for a living with piracy are highly dependent on the countries which make the world political elite. Due to the specific relationships between the world countries, the idea of mutual help and cooperation has lost its sense, and the competitiveness of a capitalist society has taken its toll on the lies of millions of people. Tho se who were lucky enough to be born in the economically healthy countries have been separated from those who have sunken in poverty and misery. Thus, the people who suffer the most unbearable economical conditions and do no have the access to more winning lifestyle resort to the only way out which seems most profitable to them. This is not an attempt to justify the actions of the Somali pirates, but an explanation of where the problem roots for. As Eichstaedt noticed, Given the years of experience with the Somali pirates, does Mwangura think Somali privacy can be brought to an end? â€Å"you cannot fight poverty using the gun,† he says. You need to fight the root cause, then you ill find the solution to [piracy]† The situation in Somalia is hard to solve from the outside, which is why the international community has been reluctant, I say[8]. It is quite clear that the Somali piracy is not to be handled with the usual means of treating pirates. To take a look from the ot her angle, they are victims to the same extent as those suffering from their actions. It seems that the Somali piracy has much more than meets the eye about its roots and reasons: The colonialist division of Somali lands had contributed to a national sense of resentment. The fragmentation of the Somalis was seen as a â€Å"wound† inflicted by Christian strangers which had â€Å"dismembered† the Somali islands.[9] It seems that one of the core problems of the relationships between Europe or North America and Somali is that evaluating the culture and ethnicity of the Somali people, the former are trying to apply the same assessment tool as they use to evaluate themselves. Thus, considering the Somali people as savages with the culture which is not worth paying attention to, they force the Somali people fight for their place in the civilized world: Western cultures and worldviews formed a yardstick for assessing or, as is often claimed, translating non-European cultures f or the European and the dominant North American cultures.[10] Conclusion In spite of the fact that the Somali pirates pose a dreadful threat to people, their identity problems must be taken into account. It cannot be argued that the situation with the sea piracy has worsened greatly. However, there are certain hopes that, once the European standards of judgement are applied to the apprehended pirates, it will be possible to put an end to the sea crimes. Taking into consideration the peculiarities of the Somali culture, it will be possible. This is the â€Å"geography of difference†[11] which Willinsky was talking about, and this is something which people have to put up with. Bibliography Daily Mail Reporter. Danish Family Captured in Indian Ocean Were ‘Experienced Sailors’. Mail Online, 2011. Web. Eichstaedt, Peter. Pirate State: Inside Somalia’s Terrorism at Sea. Chicago, IL: Chicaho Review Press, 2010. Fabian, Joseph. Time and other: How Anthropology Mak es its Object. Columbai, OH: Columbia University Press, 2002. Gettleman, Jeffrey. Money in Piracy Attracts More Somalis. The New York Times. 2010 Hunter, Robin. Somali Pirates Living the High Life. BBC News, 2008. Web. Rice, Xan. Somali Piartes Should Face Special Courts, Says UN Envoy. Guardian, 2011. Web. Vitzthum, Stella von. What Are Somalia’s Development Perspectives?  Science between Resignation and Hope? Proceedings of the 6th SSIA Congress, Berlin 6-9 December 1996. Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler, 2001. Willinsky, J. Learning to Divide the World: Education at Empires End. University of Minnesota Press, 1998. Xinhua. 12 Somali Pirates Arrested within Madagascan Waters. People’s Daily Online. 2011. Web. Footnotes Hunter, Robin. Somali Pirates Living the High Life. BBC News, 2008 . Gettleman, Jeffrey. Money in Piracy Attracts More Somalis. The New York Times. 2010 . Gettleman, Jeffrey. Money in Piracy Attracts More Somalis. The New York Times. 2010 Rice, Xan. Soma li Piartes Should Face Special Courts, Says UN Envoy. Guardian, 2011 Rice, Xan. Somali Piartes Should Face Special Courts, Says UN Envoy. Guardian, 2011 Xinhua. 12 Somali Pirates Arrested within Madagascan Waters. People’s Daily Online. 2011 Daily Mail Reporter. Danish Family Captured in Indian Ocean Were ‘Experienced Sailors’. Mail Online, 2011. Eichstaedt, Peter. Pirate State: Inside Somalia’s Terrorism at Sea (Chicago, IL: Chicaho Review Press, 2010), 116. Vitzthum, Stella von. What Are Somalia’s Development Perspectives? Science between Resignation and Hope? Proceedings of the 6th SSIA Congress, Berlin 6-9 December 1996 (Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler, 2001), 16 Fabian, Joseph. Time and other: How Anthropology Makes its Object (Columbia, OH: Columbia University Press, 2002), 144 Willinsky, J. Learning to Divide the World: Education at Empires End. (University of Minnesota Press, 1998), 137 This research paper on The Floating Threat: Somali Filibusters and the World Safety was written and submitted by user Lorenzo Gutierrez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Good Citizenship and Global Citizenship

Good Citizenship and Global Citizenship Introduction The 21st Century has witnessed integration and increased cultural interaction among people on a previously unprecedented scale. This frequent interaction between people from varied countries and cultures has risen mostly as a result of the advances that have been made in transport and communication technologies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Good Citizenship and Global Citizenship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result of this interaction, there has been the major integration of economies and cultures in a process known as globalization. As a result of globalization, governments are increasingly being required to link together different levels of their activities: national and global. This has resulted in the building of a global citizenry which sees the world as their country. However, the global citizen continues to be heavily influenced by the traditional notion of citizen, a term that is â₠¬Å"wrapped up in rights and obligations and in owing allegiance to a sovereign state (Lagos 1). This paper shall argue that it is hugely necessary for one to be a good citizen so as to become a global citizen. To reinforce this claim, this paper shall analyze the extent to which it is necessary to be a â€Å"good citizen† in order to be a â€Å"global citizen†, and vice versa. Good Citizen needed to make a Global Citizen The world is full of social injustices mostly perpetrated by the stronger members of the society against the weaker ones. A defining characteristic of a good national citizen in such an environment is his/her concern about the injustices that occur within their boundaries. This concern normally manifests itself in protests and public demonstrations calling for action by the government in place to counter the perceived injustices. A report by the World Bank demonstrates that the global citizen shows the same concern for the welfare of the globe and is m oved to free their fellow men from dehumanizing conditions (1). As such, it takes a good citizen to make the global citizen who will be keen to decry social injustices against other human beings. Core to the agendas of the good citizen is the preservation of peace in his country. A good citizen will strive to preserve peace especially within the boundaries of his/her country. This is mostly because the citizen recognizes the destruction and loss that war culminates in. For this reason, the good citizen seeks to mobilize against all wars through peaceful demonstrations and advocacy against wars. The United Nations declares that peace is a precondition of global citizenship. The global citizen views war and strife as being contrary to his/her agenda. A good citizen who is committed to preserving peace is therefore needed to make a global citizen.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the attribute that a good citizen in any democratic society should possess is an understanding of public policies in his/her country. An understanding of this policies will result in enlightenment on ones country position on issues such as energy, free trade, agriculture and the environment to name but a few. It is only by understanding the public policies adopted by ones country that a person can act so as to shape certain conditions such as protection of natural habitat. A global citizen is also concerned with the protection of the environment and establishment of free trade. It would therefore take a good citizen who is well versed with public policies to make a global citizen. A good citizen is concerned about the impact that his individual actions and daily personal choices have on the country. This is an ideal that is also desirable in the global citizen since as a global citizen should make his/her decisions bases on an awareness of the impact that the decision s will have on the planet. A good citizen who is aware and conscious of the impact that his actions have on a larger scale is therefore needed to make a global citizen. The international community is characterized by a rich diversity of cultures among its people. The global citizen is therefore prepared to operate amicably in this intercultural environment. The global citizen realizes that there should be unity in diversity and nobody has the right to impose their ideology on anybody or any group of persons. An ideal citizen should also demonstrate this values and pay respect to people from different cultures and strives to live harmoniously with them. The good citizen should recognize that differences may exist within members of the country and this should not be a cause of strive. By acting as a global citizen who operates in a multicultural sphere, a person can be a good citizen and exist harmoniously with other citizens of varied backgrounds. Global Citizenship needed to make a Good Citizen Lagos documents that while globalization is acclaimed for having opened up the world and led to the emergence of a global village, the same force has paradoxically resulted in localization and local communities have taken greater and greater importance (9). In such an environment, it is the global citizen who holds the separate entities together and seeks to iron out the differences that the various local communities seek to advance. For a citizen to pass for a good citizen in such an environment (the environment where local communities have taken great importance), he must have the global perspective of the global citizen. It is only by taking the global perspective that a citizen can give fair consideration to ideas with which they disagree.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Good Citizenship and Global Citizenship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Global citizenship is increasingly working towards making the planet sustainable for all people. The efforts directed to this end are mostly in the form of advocacy for conservation of the environment, reduction of pollution and the reliance on renewable sources of power. A good citizen is supposed to work towards the preservation of the countrys resources for future resources. As such, the good citizen has to be a global citizen who is concerned with making the planet sustainable. As a global citizen, one is expected to be non judgmental and overlook the religious differences that divide humanity. The UN states that the global citizen should have values such as rights to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. A good citizen should also have these values enshrined in them. A good citizen should avoid engaging in religious discrimination since this threatens unity among the citizens of the nation. Discussion This paper has demonstrated that being a global citizen is intrinsically connected to being a good citizen. As such, being a gl obal citizenship implies a responsibility to be a good citizen. However, there are instances where being a global citizen may cause one to be a â€Å"bad citizen†. For example, a global citizen is not expected to advocate for war or side with any party during war. Good citizenship calls for one to back their country when it is involved in a war. Acting as a global citizen in such instances can therefore prevent one from being an ideal citizen. Lagos indicates that a citizen obtains a certain amount of protection from his/her country in return for abiding to some restrictions that the government may impose on him/her (3). A good citizen is therefore required to abide by some laws and allow some bureaucratic control from his/her nation. A global citizen on the other hand does not have any kind of protection and has some amount of degree from bureaucratic control. Lagos states that the hallmark of global citizen is the lack of allegiance to any body of laws to control the indivi dual. In this light, being a global citizen goes contrary to what being a good citizen entails. Conclusion This paper set out to argue that to a large extent, it is necessary to be a good citizen in order to be a global citizen and vice versa. The paper performed a detailed analysis of how a person may be obligated to be a good citizen so as to qualify as a global citizen and vise versa.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper has shown that global citizens borrow most of their rights and obligations from the traditional citizen who is defined by a civic engagement to a nation existing in a particular geography. In particular, the paper demonstrates that values such as tolerance, civic education are innate in both the good citizen and the global citizen. However, the paper has also shown that global citizen differs significantly from the citizen and in some instances, being a global citizen may cause one not to fulfill his role as a good citizen. Lagos, Taso. Global Citizenship- Towards a Definition. Mar. 2002. Web. http://depts.washington.edu/gcp/pdf/globalcitizenship.pdf The World Bank. â€Å"Global Citizenship- Ethical Challenges Ahead†. Conference on Leadership and Core Values. 3 July 2002. Web. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/PARTNERS/EXTDEVDIALOGUE/0,contentMDK:20357631~menuPK:64192472~pagePK:64192523~piPK:64192458~theSitePK:537298,00.html UN. The Universal Dec laration of Human Rights. 2010. Web. https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html

Geothermal Energy - Tapping the Earths Heat Supply

Geothermal Energy - Tapping the Earths Heat Supply As the costs of fuel and electricity rise, geothermal energy has a promising future. Underground heat can be found anywhere on Earth, not just where oil is pumped, coal is mined, where the sun shines or where the wind blows. And it produces around the clock, all the time, with relatively little management needed. Heres how geothermal energy works. Geothermal Gradients No matter where you are, if you drill down through the Earths crust you will eventually hit red-hot rock. Miners first noticed in the Middle Ages that deep mines are warm at the bottom, and careful measurements since that time have found that once you get past surface fluctuations, solid rock grows steadily warmer with depth. On average, this geothermal gradient is about one degree Celsius for every 40 meters in depth or 25 C per kilometer. But averages are just averages. In detail, the geothermal gradient is much higher and lower in different places. High gradients require one of two things: hot magma rising close to the surface, or abundant cracks allowing groundwater to carry heat efficiently to the surface. Either one is sufficient for energy production, but having both is best. Spreading Zones Magma rises where the crust is being stretched apart to let it rise- in divergent zones. This happens in the volcanic arcs above most subduction zones, for instance, and in other areas of crustal extension. The worlds largest zone of extension is the mid-ocean ridge system, where the famous, sizzling-hot black smokers are found. It would be great if we could tap heat from the spreading ridges, but that is possible in only two places, Iceland and the Salton Trough of California (and Jan Mayen Land in the Arctic Ocean, where no one lives). Areas of continental spreading are the next-best possibility. Good examples are the Basin and Range region in the American West and East Africas Great Rift Valley. Here there are many areas of hot rocks that overlie young magma intrusions. The heat is available if we can get to it by drilling, then start extracting the heat by pumping water through the hot rock. Fracture Zones Hot springs and geysers throughout the Basin and Range point to the importance of fractures. Without the fractures, there is no hot spring, only hidden potential. Fractures support hot springs in many other places where the crust is not stretching. The famous Warm Springs in Georgia is an example, a place where no lava has flowed in 200 million years. Steam Fields The very best places to tap geothermal heat have high temperatures and abundant fractures. Deep in the ground, the fracture spaces are filled with pure superheated steam, while groundwater and minerals in the cooler zone above seal in the pressure. Tapping into one of these dry-steam zones is like having a giant steam boiler handy that you can plug into a turbine to generate electricity. The best place in the world for this is off limits- Yellowstone National Park. There are only three dry-steam fields producing power today: Lardarello in Italy, Wairakei in New Zealand and The Geysers in California. Other steam fields are wet- they produce boiling water as well as steam. Their efficiency is less than the dry-steam fields, but hundreds of them are still making a profit. A major example is the Coso geothermal field in eastern California. Geothermal energy plants can be started in hot dry rock simply by drilling down to it and fracturing it. Then water is pumped down to it and the heat is harvested in steam or hot water. Electricity is produced either by flashing the pressurized hot water into steam at surface pressures or by using a second working fluid (such as water or ammonia) in a separate plumbing system to extract and convert the heat. Novel compounds are under development as working fluids that could boost efficiency enough to change the game. Lesser Sources Ordinary hot water is useful for energy even if it isnt suitable for generating electricity. The heat itself is useful in factory processes or just for heating buildings. The entire nation of Iceland is almost completely self-sufficient in energy thanks to geothermal sources, both hot and warm, that do everything from driving turbines to heating greenhouses. Geothermal possibilities of all these kinds are shown in a national map of geothermal potential issued on Google Earth in 2011. The study that created this map estimated that America has ten times as much geothermal potential as the energy in all of its coal beds. Useful energy can be obtained even in shallow holes, where the ground isnt hot. Heat pumps can cool a building during summer and warm it during winter, just by moving heat from whichever place is warmer. Similar schemes work in lakes, where dense, cold water lies on the lake bottom. Cornell Universitys lake source cooling system is a notable example. Earths Heat Source To a first approximation, Earths heat comes from radioactive decay of three elements: uranium, thorium, and potassium. We think that the iron core has almost none of these, while the overlying mantle has only small amounts. The crust, just 1 percent of the Earths bulk, holds about half as much of these radiogenic elements as the whole mantle beneath it (which is 67% of the Earth). In effect, the crust acts like an electric blanket upon the rest of the planet. Lesser amounts of heat are produced by various physicochemical means: freezing of liquid iron in the inner core, mineral phase changes, impacts from outer space, friction from Earth tides and more. And a significant amount of heat flows out of the Earth simply because the planet is cooling, as it has since its birth 4.6 billion years ago. The exact numbers for all these factors are highly uncertain because the Earths heat budget relies on details of the planets structure, which is still being discovered. Also, Earth has evolved, and we cannot assume what its structure was during the deep past. Finally, plate-tectonic motions of the crust have been rearranging that electric blanket for eons. The Earths heat budget is a contentious topic among specialists. Thankfully, we can exploit geothermal energy without that knowledge.